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During my pre-tour scouting days, as I dodged rain squalls and mud puddles produced by a strong “frente fria” (austral cold front), I remember thinking how great it could be if the weather cleared just enough to have calm, overcast conditions over the coming several days, to start the 2018 Rio Roosevelt tour. And that’s exactly what happened! It was a perfect set of circumstances for birding, as the weather warmed a bit but also calmed down considerably, and birds started singing – at least, better than they had been. June is generally quite a dry time in south-central Amazonia, so having that rain just ahead of the tour was a boon, and we enjoyed those cooler temperatures very much. During the tour itself, just a few drops of rain hit the windscreen one afternoon, and we saw no sign of precip our whole week on the Roosevelt – just as was the case on last year’s tour. This is good, in that one loses no birding time to rain, but the dry also means that most species are very quiet, and thus often hard to find. Fortunately, our group of eight birders was unusually enthusiastic and well-practiced with binoculars, in good shape for extensive trail walking, and also highly congenial. We had **so much fun**, really every single day, and we racked up a very impressive list of species, almost all being seen well by everyone.

We opened the trip with an afternoon cruise on the great Rio Madeira, longest tributary of the Amazon. The Madeira is an extremely silty river, carrying a massive load of sediment out of the high Bolivian snowfields. As we waited to leave the dock at Porto Velho, two or three Amazon River Dolphins foraged in the fairly fast-flowing river very near our boat. We identified a good variety of birds on this sunset cruise, including lots of Red-bellied Macaws, Dusky-headed Parakeets, and Fork-tailed Palm-Swifts. As we were disembarking just after dusk, a few folks spotted Nacunda Nighthawks wheeling over the river; these monster nighthawks are austral migrants to this region of the Amazon basin. We were up and away early next morning, to bird our way north along the west (left) bank of the Madeira to the little town of Humaitá. From start to finish, it proved to be a great day. The first bird we worked on pulling in for a close view was a male Pavonine Quetzal. He came in promptly, and perfectly. A couple of minutes later, we had the scope on a singing Broad-billed Motmot, then a pair of Gilded Barbets, an Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper, a Long-tailed Woodcreeper, Gray Antbird, Peruvian Warbling-Antbirds, Paradise and Bluish-fronted jacamars, and, perhaps the rarest of the bunch that morning, a Fulvous-chinned Nunlet! We had walked no more than 300 meters from where we parked the van!

That afternoon, we decided to sleuth out some forest patches that looked good for the recently described (2013) Campina Jay, which is currently considered a subspecies of the little-known Azure-naped Jay of far southern Venezuela. The first area looked great, but there was nothing happening on that warm, still afternoon, and a local guy told us that, if we wanted to see the “gralha” (jay), we were doing it all wrong, and needed to come back early in the morning, when birds are active. Yup, fair enough! Stubborn birders that we were, however, we slogged on to try another place not far away, where it was even hotter and quieter. As I broadcasted the jays’ voice into a perfect-looking block of forest, a couple of people in the group said they were hearing it… and, sure enough, after I cut off the (loud) recording, we could all hear the birds calling back! Over the next 15-20 minutes, we thoroughly enjoyed seeing and photographing two groups (5-6 each) of these rare birds. It was high fives all around for that one!! Then, as a mega-bonus, we pulled in a mixed-species canopy flock that held a pair of White-bellied Dacnis, always a “red-letter” find.

Our three days out of Humaitá were beauties, with our walks on forested roads and also through natural “campos” (savannas with cerrado-like flora and fauna) producing a long list of excellent sightings. Here, west of the Madeira, most of the forest-based species of birds, and many mammals, are sister-taxa to forms on the other side of the river, whether represented there by separate species or subspecies (many of which are likely to be split in the future) – and a few are undescribed at any taxonomic rank! We did well on seeing both members of many of these sister-pairs across the Madeira, finding the western form around Humaitá, then the eastern sister on the Roosevelt. Just a few of these include Ivory-billed and Red-necked aracaris; Golden-collared and Gould's toucanets, Predicted and Aripuana antwrens, Peruvian and Spix’s Warbling-Antbirds; Humaita and Rufous-faced antbirds; Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper (both Jurua and Plain-colored); Curve-billed Scythebill (both Tupana and Rondonia); Inambari and Rondonia woodcreepers; Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant (an apparently undecribed species west of the Madeira and H. minor minima to the east); Blue-crowned and Snow-capped manakins; and Guianan Gnatcatcher (both Inambari and Para, which is difficult to do on a single tour). Meanwhile, the beautiful, serene campos were fantastic for flycatchers (a fine Elaenia ID workshop!), spinetails, some special antbirds, plus Least Nighthawk and Spot-tailed Nightjar, and also Azure Gallinule and Russet-crowned Crake. We made a valiant effort to outsmart an Ocellated Crake, a couple of which we heard at close range, but it was not to be; they were unusually quiet and unresponsive this time around.

Overcast conditions continued for several days, and our charter flight from Porto Velho to the Pousada Rio Roosevelt was quite uneventful… until we made our descent beneath the cloud layer, to see the vast expanse of forest below with the fabled “River of Doubt” winding away to the horizon. Wow, what a moment that was! Our pilots were especially friendly and obliging, performing three wide swings around the pousada and massive Santa Rita rapids. As the plane passed over the confluence of the Rio Madeirinha with the Roosevelt, people on the left side were treated to an eruption of 20+ Blue-and-yellow Macaws that had been perched there… unfortunately, nobody had had a camera at the ready to capture that image, but we all heard about how spectacular it was from those lucky enough to have seen it (we all saw some of the macaws wheeling below us)! Then, almost before we knew it, we slid smoothly into a landing on the little dirt airstrip where our local guides and staff were waiting for us. From that moment on, for a solid week, we were in Amazon-rainforest heaven!

After a delicious lunch, we decided to do our first outing on the Roosevelt with a walk to the new tower, which had been erected only a few months earlier. It is the third tower to have been built there, the previous two having reached the end of their roughly 5-year lifespans. I had been privileged to pick the site for this tower, back in 2016, and it proved to have been a good selection. That first afternoon up there was enthralling, highlighted by a distant but very large and very red, male Crimson Fruitcrow(!) spotted by Jonathan. Happily, it stayed put for several minutes, permitting everyone to watch it at leisure in the scope. A White-browed Hawk that had been calling quite close and flew over as we started to climb up the tower, refused to reappear for good views. An early morning on the tower, to close out our birding on the Roosevelt, was marked by displaying Gould’s Toucanets, very close, perched Orange-cheeked Parrots and Bare-necked Fruitcrow, eye-level studies of Uniform and Rondonia woodcreepers, an adult Tiny Hawk carrying a small bird it had just killed, and a nice assortment of honeycreepers and tanagers including several Paradise and Opal-rumped.

Almost all of the trails we birded on the Roosevelt were reached by boat trips, with different sets of boats for destinations up- and down-river of Santa Rita rapids. All of those boat transfers were fairly amazing rides through a true Amazonian wilderness, essentially unchanged since the Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition charted the “River of Doubt” in 1914. The rhythm of our days on the Roosevelt was regular and comfortable, starting with a predawn breakfast and check of Steve’s moth-magnet sheets (or vice-versa), followed by a walk to the boats and a ride of 10 to 45 minutes, sometimes through some short but fairly turbulent rapids that raised heart-rates and sometimes dampened pantlegs (just a bit, mostly from the outside). Leaving the boats at the trailhead, our trusty guides would cut steps into the bank to make it easy to ascend from the river, where our walk would begin. Most walks were less than 4 km round-trip, but we did a few longer ones as well. Lunch was back at the pousada, followed by a siesta and another outing later in the afternoon. One day, we had a picnic lunch in the field, of Peacock Bass (tucunaré) fresh-caught by our guides as we watched, and cooked up by them and served hot on the grill with limes, vinaigrette, rice, and farofa – fabulous! Owling produced a very close pair of Rufous Potoos, thoroughly enjoyed by us all, but we received only a single, indignant “UUMPH” from a Nocturnal Curassow, which just was not in the mood to carry on despite having a starry sky and brilliant moon overhead.

Although moisture levels were good inside the forest, and mixed-species flocks of insectivores were more active than they have been on recent June tours, fruit and flowers were extraordinarily scarce. Thus, toucans, parrots, trumpeters, hummers, barbets, tanagers, and thrushes were much less-in-evidence than usual. Raptors, too, were unusually light on the Roosevelt portion of the tour, with none of the eagles spotted (a Harpy had been seen a couple of days before the tour by one of our guides), and not a single forest-falcon was heard. Despite careful searches in three different, ideal spots for Zigzag Heron, we could not even get a bird to call; which is not hard to believe, being well outside the wet-season breeding cycle for this bird. As always, we tried hard in several propitious places for Rondonia Bushbird, without luck. Such are the vagaries and challenges of making good on a week of birding in any particular place in the Amazon basin!

Along with a number of the species mentioned above, top vote-getters for best birds also included White-breasted Antbirds at a huge army ant swarm that also held a couple of Pale-faced Bare-eyes (which were pretty hard to see), a stunning male Ferruginous-backed Antbird that paraded around at very close range, a Rusty-belted Tapaculo that performed just as nicely, and a pair of Chico’s Tyrannulets (described to science only in 2013) that kept us in suspense for a few minutes before finally zipping in close. Mammals were also among the tour favorites, especially the three Brazilian Tapirs we saw beautifully at the clay lick, and a fantastic, leisurely view of a Neotropical Pygmy-Squirrel foraging acrobatically at eye-level as we watched from the top of the tower. Primates were well-represented on both sides of the Madeira, and included Red-chested Moustached Tamarins, Prince Bernhard’s Titi Monkey, Buffy (irrorata type) Saki Monkey, White-bellied Spider Monkey, and Common Woolly Monkey.

Thanks so much to all of you for coming on this tour, I had a wonderful time birding with you and very much look forward to seeing everyone again as soon as the stars align. I know that most of you are already signed up for more Brazil tours next year and beyond!

P.S. -- We greatly appreciated receiving excellent photos from many of you after you got home; I will put lots of them into the triplist, below, along with a bunch of my video clips. A special mega-thanks to Steve for educating us with his moth sheet, and then producing the amazing, beautiful, poster of Rio Roosevelt moths included on this triplist for the world to appreciate. Ah, I'm also going to drop in the jaws of the "Cachorra" fish that Steve cleaned up, and photographed professionally -- I mean, WOW!

Com grandes abraços -- Bret

KEYS FOR THIS LIST
One of the following keys may be shown in brackets for individual species as appropriate: * = heard only, I = introduced, E = endemic, N = nesting, a = austral migrant, b = boreal migrant

We again had great luck coming up with a much-wanted Rufous Potoo! Photo by Jonathan Newman.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

There were many encounters on the tour with fascinating bugs, bats, and other beasts. Steve's moth sheet was always fascinating, and yielded a really cool "Peanut-head Planthopper" on the first morning. Another fabulous insect was that stunning, highly territorial Firetip Skipper that Jonathan originally found for us, in the campos near Humaita (see photos+video). Oh, and there was that ENORMOUS White Witch moth (Thysania agripennis) we found in the forest on our first morning walk on the Roosevelt (lower right on Steve's composite poster). Snakes were few, as usual, but we did see one racer-type (non-venomous) about 4 feet long. We saw a couple of huge Black Caiman along the boat trips, and our fishing foray was fun, producing a few Peacock Bass (Tucunare) and a couple of big Black Piranhas, all of which proved to be very tasty ;-) As we were closing in the Rufous Potoo, we spotted a Brushy-tailed Possum, well up in a big tree, which Jonathan managed to photograph quite nicely.

Totals for the tour: 440 bird taxa and 20 mammal taxa